Bacillus Anthracis and Biological Warfare Essay -- Germs Infections Wa

bacillus Anthracis and Biological WarfareBacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-positive bacterium that can be transmitted from herbivoric animals to humans (Figure 1). Before an animals death, its orifices exude blood containing huge quantities of the bacterium. Anthrax forms extremely resilient spores upon exposure to atmospheric conditions. Because of this spore-producing ability, even after the animal host dies the germs can produce again, persisting in the soil for up to several decades (1). No cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported for this zoonosis. Historically, human cases have been either industrial, as with woolsorters, or agricultural (2).Anthrax can be transmitted via 3 routes cutaneous anthrax, gastric anthrax, and inhalational anthrax. Of the three, cutaneous anthrax is clearly the most prevalent, accounting for about 95% of all cases (3). In cutaneous anthrax, the bacterium invades when broken skin contacts contaminated animal products (1). Within about 2 weeks, at the point of entry a localized sore develops which turns the skin black, becoming a large welt. This coal black lesion gave rise to the term anthrax that is derived from the Greek anthrakos which means coal (3). maculation generally self-limited, large doses of oral antibiotics such as penicillin, ciprofloxacin, or doxycycline cure cutaneous anthrax rapidly and effectively. Antibiotic treatment speeds healing, and decreases the possibility of general diffusion and lethal toxemia (4). With both gastric and inhalational anthrax, on the other hand, large doses of intravenous antibiotics are necessary (2). Gastric anthrax is exceedingly rare, and results from use of contaminated, poorly cooked mea... ...defense against bioterrorism. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 5.4 (1999) 531-33.22. Friedlander, AM, Pittman, PR, and GW Parker. Anthrax vaccine Evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. JAMA. 282.22 (1999) 2104-06.23. Nass, M. Anthrax vaccine Model of a response to the biologic state of war threat. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 13.1 (1999) 187-205.24. Sidel, VW. Weapons of mass destruction The greatest threat to public health. JAMA. 262.5 (1989) 680-82.25. Fox, JL. Adjusting FDA policies to address bioterrorist threat. Nature Biotechnology. 17 (1999) 323-24.26. Zegers, ND, Kluter, E, van der Stap, H, et al. Expression of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis by Lactobacillus casei Towards the development of an oral vaccine against anthrax. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 87 (1999) 309-14.

The Book That Really Did Change My Life Essay -- How Education Has Chan

Periodically while surfing the internet I control a page entitled Books That Changed My Life, with a list of books that purportedly changed the life of the author. I am always irritated by these pages, because I never see any evidence that the books had actually changed the life of the author. In fact, for most of these pages a more appropriate title would have been Books that I really, really care a lot. Occasionally, it might have been called Books that influenced my thinking, but Im reluctant to refer to that as having changed ones life. I suppose I am irritated because I have my throw list of books, and each one of them had effected a concrete, specific change in my life. Its not very long--maybe three books--but even that fact is interesting, since it shows how difficult it is for a book to change a reader, and consequently when it happens it is something worth pondering. How to Read a Book, by Mortimer Adler and Charles ... ...you how valuable those sessions were to me. T hey gave me the opportunity to apply his techniques diligently, enough for them to become habits, and to writings that were full(a) enough to stand up under that kind of scrutiny.   Nowadays I dont always apply the techniques most books simply arent worth the effort. But when I muck up onto something worthwhile, a pencil will magically appear in my hand and I will begin analyzing it before Im aware of what Im doing.

Two Or Three Things I Know For Sure :: essays research papers fc

Two or Three Things I Know For SureAllison illuminates the fact that we as women must think each other and ourbeauty before we can truly cherish other forms of beauty around us. Two or three thingsI be for sure, and one of them is that of we are not exquisite to each other, we cannot hold out beauty in any form(86). We are so conditioned to see egg-producing(prenominal) beauty as what mensee as beautiful, that we dont even know what it means to us. If we can get to the pointwhere women feel beautiful even if they dont fit the societal ideal, it will allow us to openour minds to all other forms of beauty. Morgan asserts in her article, Women and the Knife, Rather than aspiring toself-determined and women-centered ideals of health or integrity, womens attractivenessis defined as attractive-to-men...(119). This ties in to a story that Allison tells in herbook about a conversation with her sister. She had eternally thought her sister was beautifuland was jealous at the attention a nd admiration it entailed. Many women are envious ofwomen that men view as beautiful...even lesbian women who possibly would have adifferent view of female beauty. Society ingrains in everyone what the standard of beautyis so much that we dont even know why we believe it. As Allison talks with her sister,she disc overs what it meant for her to be attractive growing up. She was constantlyharassed by boys and goaded by mothers and sister who didnt motivation her near their sonsand brothers. People assumed that she thought she was better than them, without herhaving to say a word. So while Allison wanted to be just like her, she dealt with ...thehatred that trailed over her skin like honey melting on warm bread(78). Though thisstory points out that beauty has its cost as well, the power of organism beautiful holds a greatdeal of weight in our society as individuals and social beings....a womans pursuit of beauty through fracture is often associated withlived experiences of self-crea tion, self-fulfillment, self-transcendence, and being cared for. The power of these experiences must not be underestimated(Morgan, 120). This is amajor reason so many women are now choosing to have augmentative surgery. But, asMorgan also points out, elective surgery is now becoming less of a choice for women. As more and more women transform their bodies into societys ideal figure of femininity,the higher the standards become. If women begin seeing many other women having

Puritan Society In Hesters Life :: essays research papers

The Godly beliefs and punishments followed by the Puritans stemmed from their English experience and complete affair in religion. The Puritan society molded itself and created a government based upon the Bible and implemented it with force. Hesters act of adultery was welcomed with rage and was qualified for grave punishment. Boston became more involved in Hesters life subsequently her crime was announced than it had ever been beforethe religious based, justice system officially punished her and society collectively tortured her. Based upon the religious, governmental, and social design of the society, Hesters entire existence revolved around her sin and the Puritan perception thereof this association breaks way to society significantly becoming involved in her life.The importance of a social framework for the new society, where the Church would be all encompassing, developed from the teachings of such(prenominal) religious reformers as John Wycliffe and John Calvin. The Church would be directly involved in the running of the community and its regime. Enforcing such laws established by scripture read from the Bible, the government disciplined Hester for her committed sin. The Puritans considered the Bible as the true law of God that provided guidelines for church and government. They wished to define the Church of England to meet their ideals, emphasizing Bible reading, prayer, and preaching in worship services. They simplified the ritual of the sacraments and also wanted more personal and fewer impose prayers. The Puritans stressed grace, devotion, prayer, and self-examination to achieve religious virtue while including a basic knowledge of unacceptable actions of the time.Obtaining virtue was expected to secure order and sleep within the Puritan community. The Church officials, who played a direct role in the government, calculated the penalties for various sins. When sins arose, the government took the role as chief executive director of corrective punishment and instituted castigation. Hester found herself very much a part of the local Church and governments heavy hand. Everyone was aware of her sinful act, for she was place on a scaffold amidst the entire people for a painful viewing. The religious morals instilled in the Puritan society caused her much pain dogged after the public humiliation. Permanently symbolized as a sinner, Hester was branded for life with a cloth letter worn on her bosom.For years after the letter was first revealed on the scaffold, Hester was associated with the sin and the scarlet letter. Because the Puritans contoured religion, social life, and government together, each member of the society was involved in the religion, social life, and governmenteverybody in Boston saw the A on Hesters chest in the same light.

Comparing the way two poets, John Claire and Ted Hughes, write about :: English Literature

Comparing the way two poets, John Claire and Ted Hughes, write ab issue the theme of constitution and the season of summer.Through out my essay, in which is to follow, I will be comparing theway two poets, John Claire and Ted Hughes, write about the theme ofnature and the season of summer. The two poems that I am to study areWork And Play written by Ted Hughes and Summer Images written by JohnClaire in the 1800s.In both the poems the poets are talking directly to us (the reader).Although both poems are about summer and nature they are coming at usfrom very different points of view.In Work and Play Ted Hughes Talks directly to us about how nature interms of the swallow deals with summer the swallow of summer shetoils all the summer and how nature in terms of human beings dealwith summer But the holiday people were laid out like wounded flat asin ovens roast and basting. He makes the comparison between thebeauty of the swallow and ugliness of the humans by dint ofout the poem.When t hinking of summer one cant help but get a rosy picture in onesmind, the beach, the sun, and the fun But Hughes paints a morerealistic picture for us. He shows us the down side and instantlywipes off the mental picture and shows us its not all fun.Through out the poem he also points out how we are destroying oursurroundings giving it a very green, environmental feel to it. Hepacifically concentrates on cars, petrol and pollution Serpent ofcars that crawl through the dust in hailing petroleum. As you canclearly tell Ted Hughes is eer contrasting the humans (natureat its worst) with the swallow (nature at its best).John Clairs poem comes across from a different angle. He concentrateson everything that is right with nature through out his poem we get avery romanticised view of summer, and in every stanza he describesnature to its full beauty much beauty intervenes, turn up the funds lining to the sun. Every word that John Clair uses in his poemhe manages to romanticise in some way, fo r example the jetty snailcreeps from the mossy thorn John Claire softeners the word thorn byadding a soft word in front of it, in this case the word was mossy.In the time that Claire was penning this poems was seeing naturethrough rose coloured glasses, but he was also summing up what peopleof his time thought of nature.

Puerto Rico in a Historical and Cultural Context :: History Historical Puerto rican Essays

Puerto Rico in a Historical and Cultural ContextBy canvas the roots of Puerto Rican development from the Spanish invasion to today, one can see the influence of the dominant power in the interaction between different races of Puerto Rico, effecting how they viewed apiece other, and themselves. Isabels family, which is composed of Spanish and Corsican immigrants, reflects the attitudes that helped form Puerto Rican racial divisions. While she speaks from the point of view of a member of the upper class, there is a large deal of history behind the attitudes that influence the House on the Lagoon that she only lightly touches upon. Although Puerto Rican society has been racially mixed, issues such as class, imperialism, and outside prejudices brook created a split between the different races. Although Isabels record of her familys background begins much later, the roots of racial division in Puerto Rico started with the Spanish invasion of the island. Before the Spanish invasion in the 1500s, Puerto Rico was populated by the inherent community known as the Taino. Once Puerto Rico was invaded by Spain, the Taino were marginalized by the Spaniards, thus creating the first racial conflict. According to Piri Thomas They brought soldiers, money-hungry businessmen, priests, and opportunists. who burned with the fever only gold could cure. They brutally reduced the native population to about extinction by means of slavery, cruelty, and murderous extermination. Men, women, and children were set to work digging for the yellow metal, the precious gold. (Thomas)This shows that the first stage in race relation was make by the dominance of the invaders over the invaded. In this way, segregation in the early years of Puerto Rican development under Spanish rule was based on the detail that the Spanish population exploited the islands people and resources, setting up a situation where the native population was marginalized. In other words, the marginalization of the nat ive population was rooted in the economic desires of Spain. This created both a racial and class segregation, for the upper class Spaniards had control over the island, while the native population was forced to flee or be forced to work for the invaders. The Spanish occupation of Puerto Rico also brought another aspect of race relations to the island. futile to utilize the native population to their liking, they brought African slaves to work for them. This added to the racial mixture on the island.