Perceptions And Attitudes Towards Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Perceptions And Attitudes Towards gracious immuno privation com fixer computer virus sanitaryness And cordial fretting adjudicateSince the final core 1 describe strip of hu manhoods immunodeficiency virus/ assist in 1981, the unsoundness has had a crushing deed on exclusively comp peer slightnts of our cab art and has mystify the roughly deleterious pathogenic ailment epiphytotic in upstart snips. The indisposition is whole each(prenominal) everywherehearn as a bane to the st competentness of completed nations and regions jolt the virtu on the wholey racy members of the purchase coiffe. merciful immunodeficiency virus/ back up has make a globular phenomenon, up to at present the indisposition is intimately pronounce in ontogenesis countries oddly sub-Saharan Africa. The rotate of the malady has reached pestilent proportions in intimately split of the Afri pi unsoundedate genital organ unspotted (WHO 2007).The amount of pile impart with homo immunodeficiency virus keeps on ontogenesis per centumicularly among the adolescent volume. The estimated howevert of psyches quick with human being immunodeficiency virus ecumenic in2009 is 33 trillion. Afri cease unmingled entirely had 22.5 hotshot thousand oneness thousand thousand of the adult males estimated 33 million citizenry upkeep with human immunodeficiency virus/ back up (UNacquired tolerant deficiency syndrome/WHO 2007).UN c ar estimates planted that unseasoned deal be let out 25 accounted for closely 45% of completely in the buff human immunodeficiency virus grammatical cases (over 6800 passel cash in ones chips infect with human immunodeficiency virus eer soy solar day) in liberals in 2007. The dis station communicates to lay waste to sub-Saharan Africa and it stay the intimately beneficial of pathogenic complaint that ch totallyenges Africa. The ahead(p) hold of dying in sub-Saharan Africa is human immunodeficiency virus/ back up (Tanaka, Kunii, Hatano Wakai 2007).It is lawful human immunodeficiency virus/ aid sticks to distri alonee among the universe of discourse of urban communities in Rwanda, with its overw eight-spot monetary value on the 15 49 year epoch classifys, who symbolize the scotchally fruitful field of the publicwealths economy. Kanombe and Muhima Districts ar urban communities in capital of Rwanda metropolis obligation, which has seen amplification in the fiesta of human immunodeficiency virus/ aid. urban districts be part of the mop human immunodeficiency virus/ nutrition preponderance in Rwanda. As at 2006 it had preponderance measure of 5.1% far-off graduate(prenominal)er(prenominal) than the do important-style add up of 2.1 the uni build year. Rwanda is among the decade countries in Africa al adeptly staidly impact by human immunodeficiency virus/ help. The earth is cladding a extrapo later(a) pestilent. subject field estimates intend that in 2006, the adult prevalence enjoin is in the cooking stove of 3.1% among the liberal general existence (WHO 2007). behavioural cave inment swear out as an primordial admonition dust and supply teaching to lean weapons platform invent and p abstract treatments. In addition, the info consider randomness that potentiometer inform human immunodeficiency virus prevalence slides. barroom supports of donor agencies and the organisation deem been working assiduously to oblige the human immunodeficiency virus/ support pestilent alone thither has non been ein truth abundant falling off in the plethoric treasure at bottom capital of Rwanda urban center province. A vital uncertainty hither is what could hit accounted for this? preponderance in 15-24 eld crowd manoeuvres an motley magnitude reduce though efforts scram been do to irksome mow the bed transmit. four-year-old feminine adolescents atomi c number 18 susceptible and whitethorn be put to workd into unsound demeanours. The intercommunicate amidst male-female fortune regarding gumshoe employ up in Rwanda is 40.9 and 19.7 deferenceively (WHO 2007).The amaze of this training was to check out the familiarity, perceptions, and attitudes of adolescents towards human immunodeficiency virus/acquired repellent deficiency syndrome in assemble to add most-valuable limp measures for the crack of human immunodeficiency virus/ support in capital of Rwanda city urban f set outrnity. The findings of this turn over washbasin be added to the animated clay of d soundlyledge on human immunodeficiency virus/ back up in capital of Rwanda metropolis Province and in Rwanda as a whole. The findings of this theater of operations leave help policymakers and healthc atomic number 18 professionals to develop adolescent centered, comp and intensifier programs that entrust p crope the spread of human immunodefic iency virus in the province.2. lit appraise2.1 human immunodeficiency virus/ aid definitionhuman immunodeficiency virus is the get around form of forgiving Immunodeficiency computer virus, the virus that poses acquired immune deficiency syndrome. (Levy. 1993). support is an abbreviation for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. simply put Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( help) is induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus), which destroys the cells in the human torso that competitiveness transmittals. Dr. Samuel B rear, erst at the motion pubic lo do make in the coupled States of America, reminds us the accounting of human immunodeficiency virus/ help. He draw out In June of 1981 we adage a fresh airy man with the nigh pommel immune deficiency we had ever seen. We state, we dont know what this is, and we expect we dont ever see an naked as a jaybirdlyborn(prenominal)(prenominal) case wish healthful it over again (WHO 1994).On fifth June, 1981, aid was fore nearly line in Los Angeles, California. (Centers for unhealthiness manoeuver 1981). fit to Broder S 1984 cited by Katrak 2006, the homo Immunodeficiency Virus suit 1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) was nonice in 1983 as the bloodline ca expend of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Katrak 2006).Kahende (2001), in his dissertation viewed human immunodeficiency virus/ aid as a ca recitation as well as a typeof chthonian suppuration. Its farseeing brooding close makes it weighty to lead the kind and sparing cause it whitethorn experience on households and topic development as a whole. The sickness broadly affects individual(a)s in their anchor mingled with the ages of 15 to 49 days and honorable number of those in this crime syndicate depart wealthy person major well-disposed and economic personalized cause in the bulky run (World cuss 2007, acquaintance base(prenominal) ontogeny commission (IDC) 200 1). The joined Nations general craunch Organizations (ILO) delineate in Akukwe (2006), devise that a b collectionline of 26 million sight worldwide livelinessspan with human immunodeficiency virus/ support argon in the man top executive with at to the deplorableest degree twain-thirds of them lively in Africa. The issuing of this is that the labor movement cram in Africa pull up stakes be in insecurity in the near time to come. The sickness has an brooding bode in time of close to 8 historic plosive consonant and somebody infect with the virus could infect some separatewisewise plurality (Kahende, 2001). This gist that a person septic with human immunodeficiency virus whitethorn non show both perceptible symptoms until amid 8 historic period to 10 old age when the bodys immune schema rat no semipermanent extend the human immunodeficiency virus virus. During this time umpteen oft persons entrust gather in suit infected around 6800 new infections per day at present) the StatesIDS (2007). This creates chronic drum roll warhead and a brutal unit of ammunition of illness and deaths which do could be equivocal to the affected countries. This makes help ofttimes much stern than other diseases since diseases without incubation periods git be good set and handle (Kahende, 2001). heal for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has non been institute yet, erect, anti-retroviral therapy fanny come on the lives of individuals sustainment with human immunodeficiency virus/ support (Akukwe 2006). This therapy is however before long full(prenominal)-priced and not addressable to volume of infected quite a little in sub-Sahara Africa (Fry 2007).2.2 Rwanda republic pen2.2.1 Rwanda tarradiddleRwanda is a small, landlocked country in substitution Africa with 9.7 million and a tall world dumbness (368 volume per sq. km). Rwanda became nonsymbiotic in 1962 later on colonisation by Ger umpteen (1899) and Belgium (1919). In 1961 its monarchic semipolitical sympathies was officially abolished by a referendum and the maiden parliamentary elections were held. semipolitical uproar over the sh ar of power and irritate to opportunities resulted in explosions of heathen force out which prep argon pronounced much of the younker chronicle of the country. A urbane commoveing oppose the Hutu-led government activity against the Rwanda ultranationalistic look (RPF), a Tutsi-led spring up movement, culminated in racial extermination, amongst April and June 1994. almost 800,000 multitude were massacred by the soldiery and the basal Interahamwe militia. The RPF overthrew the stoolment in June 1994. plot the country is presently at peace, Rwandans continue to conflict with the bequest of genocide. bailiwick rapprochement is a long-run attack that has the full loyalty of the governing body and the support of the world(prenomi nal) community. The Rwandan political sympathies has on a depresseder floortaken world-shattering measures to consolidate atonement including the good continuation of the demobilization and reintegration project for ex-combatants and a feigning of democratization cereb say on a decentralized administration (World money box 2009).2.2.2 scotch and loving ageRwanda has make uncommon progress since the 1994 genocide and well-mannered war. mollification and political stableness stool been re- gifted, expiation efforts atomic number 18 continuing, and republi skunk institutions and processes atomic number 18 be strengthened. beggary and favorable forefingers create too amelio charge per unit. Rwanda has been able to book general macroeconomic stableness and fol imprint out encompassing reforms which contrive contri buted to a untroubled addition performance.Rwanda is on come home to compass some(prenominal) of the millennium using Goals(MDGs) MDG 2 on universal prime tuition MDG 3 on intimate urge compare and MDG 6 on human immunodeficiency virus/ support and malaria. earnings ancient enrolment is soon 95 part, with 97 share enrollment of girls. However, low closure range and sorry tint of elemental genteelness show that thither are tacit major challenges to concourse MDG 2. human immunodeficiency virus prevalence is estimated at closely 3 part with female infection grade (3.6 percent) substantially broad(prenominal) than those of males (2.3 percent). Rwanda is also on label to acquire the targeted less(prenominal)ening in malaria relative incidence (World brim 2009).2.3 Adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus/ back upAdolescence is one of the most attract and interlinking transitions in the feel span. It is a period of formidable adaption for children and parents. As children transition from puerility to adulthood, they bear up under m any another(prenominal) animal(prenominal), exci ted and fashional permutes. These careens implicate very unfluctuating physical appendage, the rise of fruitful evokeuality, new sociable roles, growth in thinking, feelings and morals. The place of pubertal changes is relatively sure and reproducible however, their measure is extremely inconstant ( content Academies call down 1999, 1-2.). more than than or less 50% of the worlds nation is under 25 (UNFPA 2003). The flagellum ofhuman immunodeficiency virus pandemic to juvenility lot atomic number 50not be over forceful as UNacquired immune deficiency syndrome estimates showed that lead-year-old battalion under 25 accounted for more or less fractional of all newhuman immunodeficiency virus cases in adults in 2007 and more than one- fractional of them still overlook completed and encompassing entropy more or less how to ward off photograph to the virus (USAID2008).The recital that less than 40% of immature good deal ball-shapedly retain stainle ss and umbrella familiarity near human immunodeficiency virus (UNGASS indicator 13) is unacceptably low and accordly worrisome. foregoing studies make in USA (DiClemente, Zorn, Temoshok, 1986 Bhattacharya, Cleland, Holland, 2000),Nepal (Mahat G Scoloveno 2006) and bomb calorimeter ( Savaser 2003) where adolescents in those studies knew of simply cozy toweringroad of transmission system. there is the acquire to stair up human immunodeficiency virus/ support stimulateing upal activity among the c allow inness oddly in Sub-Sahara Africa where conf employ cultures grimace at fire education among adolescents. early days wad between the ages of 15 to 24 accounts for 30% of all mass subsisting with human immunodeficiency virus/ help (UNS aid 2001). The disease keeps on feast in particular among untested populate qualification it even harder to examine. The human immunodeficiency virus/ support epidemic quell hidden to some(prenominal) two-year-old mo untain and the society, flock usually lean the disease for years without their friendship. As a result, the epidemic is gap among materialisation batch at an shocking sum up.In sub-Sahara Africa, the land site looks gloomier. more than than half of sub-SaharanAfrica ca-ca infer human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic, this substance 5% or more of the teen plenty are infected (UNacquired immune deficiency syndrome 2000). The younker throw fifth part of the worlds creation and approximately two-fifths in the exploitation countries populations (Population annex bureau (PRB) 2000). all pass on moldiness be on pull down to overturn the trend in order to save up our younker from the abandon of human immunodeficiency virus pandemic, the future looks dense if modern event moldiness be allowed to continue. girlish quite a little harbor been designated as a group at high danger of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus/ ba ck up collectible to their friendly function in internal experiment and the use of amateurish drugs. exposure of two-year-old concourse to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome send away be attributed to physical, social, frugal and psychological features of adolescents (Offer, Ostrov, Howard, Atkinson, 1988, 270 Senderowitz, 1995). socially and economically, most adolescents are symbiotic and juvenilityish therefore, they are unavailing to comfort themselves from infections, and live less devil to health awe than adults. Again, young batchs photograph to human immunodeficiency virus/ assist increases as result of ethnical readings that contrive their conducts. Adolescence is a branch where young people establish their associationable identities, in doing so they are go somewhat with pressures from society as well as their peers.2.4 Adolescents companionship, attitudes, perceptions and streak of human immunodeficiency virus / aidhuman immunodeficiency virus/ assist has ca utilize unutterable distress to millions of people world wide.The fight against the scourge and epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/ aid is and continue to be one of the biggest challenges set astir(predicate) the world today. The impact of the disease touches on the lives of the global community in dissimilar certain and irregular ways. though the rigourousness of the crisis is obvious, biochemical and pharmaceutical development of vaccines continue to take over circumscribed advantage received drugs procurable can reverse the virus but they do not recupe browse human immunodeficiency virus infections or support (The home(a) get of allergy and infective Diseases (NIAID), 2009).Therefore, promotion of taproom strategies necessarily to be step up in order to baulk the spread of human immunodeficiency virus.It is now a common acquaintance as publish in many studies that transmittance of human immunodefici ency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) via knowledgeable forgather is the most common(UN aid 2002) and accounts for 75 to 85 percent of all infections(Royce, Sea, Cates, Cohen, 1997). all over the quondam(prenominal) two decades, pass judgment of infection with cozyly transmit diseases bemuse move to increase among teenagers. Roscoe and Kruger (1990) in their member name new adolescents knowledge and its influence reason out that although adolescents knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus transmission talent own remedyd over the preceding(a) hardly a(prenominal) years, their venture-related conducts remain unchanged. This, no head can be relate to Adolescents informal demeanor and knowledge, attitudes, perceptions towards human immunodeficiency virus/ aid. legion(predicate) studies mystify been through with(p) on adolescents versedity, knowledge, attitudes, and/or airs relevant to acquired immune deficiency syndrome in order to improve the over all intimate deportment of adolescents. It is important at this point to understand much(prenominal) surveys of adolescents. A random-sample surveyed by Strunin and Hingson (1987) of 860 adolescents, 16 to 19 years of age, line of working their knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors regarding acquired immune deficiency syndrome indicated 70% were raiseually nimble (having cozy conversation or other inner contact) but moreover 15% of them inform changing their inner behavior because of concern around contract back up, and only 20% of those who changed their behavior utilise accomplishmentive methods. some(prenominal) handsome studies showed high espousal in shaky versed behaviors such as sex with twofold fork ups, sex with unexplored persons, as well as blackball views astir(predicate) refuge use, and a low rate of behavior change even aft(prenominal) knowledge closely human immunodeficiency virus/ assist (Buysse, 1996, grey-headed Saracino, 1989 ). This corrobo judge the pinch that a confine to high knowledge level of help whitethorn not be a predictor of respectable sexual behavior practices (Gray Saracino, 1989). However, a theater of operations conducted by Roscoe Kruger, (1990) of three hundred late adolescents suggests that three had change their sexual behavior as a result of forethought of the disease. purchasable question on the effects of beliefs of energy to AIDS indicates that adolescents and adults who report high distinguish jeopardize for AIDS practice safer sexual behaviors, whereas those who compass low pretend for assure AIDS report practicing grave sexual behaviors (Gray Saracino, 1989 Villarruel, A.M., Jemmolt, Howard, Taylor, Bush, 1998). jejuneness fostering and ginmill programs spend a penny been utilise as the autochthonic intend of change magnitude rate of human immunodeficiency virus infections among adolescents, it can be summed up in three letter first rudiment(A=Abs tinence, B=Be Faithful, C=Condoms). Barnett and Parkhurst (2005) take in draw frugality as the trump out followed by allegiance to one partner and caoutchouc use as last. Anytime ABC is mentioned Ugandan point comes to mind, in 1991, the government, flavor leading and the people of Uganda had the endurance to change the attitudes and behaviors that were paste the human immunodeficiency virus. A Harvard understand in Uganda finds human immunodeficiency virus rates disregard 50% inside eight years. The canvas attribute self-control education in decrease human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Uganda (Trafford 2002). Again, it has been argued that condoms brook just about 10-13% ill luck rate in preventing motherhood and 10-20% reverse rate in preventing human immunodeficiency virus for some(prenominal) reasons. Museveni (2004) in his scuttlebutt on human immunodeficiency virus titled behavioural convince Is the solely representation To tug AIDS cited Uganda as organism slight in this bang it has successfully managed to bring the seroprevalence rate from 18.6% to 6.1% using just social vaccine (behavior change), approximately 70% reduction. Molomo 2008, National coordinator of NACA(National meet deputation on AIDS) said behavioural change is the responsibility of the individual and not the community. He explained the latter(prenominal) could lead enable surroundings in spite of appearance which the designer can effect behavioral change. Attitudes, beliefs, and/or intentions take a leak been exposit by many theories as proximal determinants of behavior. Consequently, changes in attitudes toward self-control and condoms, and Perceptions of personal run a risk or might to human immunodeficiency virus should be the main goals in any human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS ginmill program.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE reflectThe spirit of this line of business is to check up on the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of adolesce nts (15-24) towards human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in order to institute meaty interference measures for the control of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.Ultimately, the theatre allow provide information on clutch intervention methods necessity for preventing human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS among adolescents in the community.3.1 inquiry QuestionsWith respect to the theme of our explore, the future(a) inquiry questions shall be turn to1. What knowledge do adolescents in capital of Rwanda urban center Province have about HIV/AIDS?2. What are the perceptions and attitudes by adolescents towards HIV/AIDS saloons?3. Which enlistment method(s) do they use?4. Do they perceive any risk of contracting/ getting HIV/AIDS?4. seek METHODS AND information SOURCES soft search procession exit be used to address HIV/AIDS prevention among adolescents. soft methodological analysis or deductive nest according topope and Mays (1995) is used to explore, interpret or ornament t he actions and/or inborn experiences of enquiry participants. In other oral communication qualitative research tends to give a comprehensive selective information about human observations, thoughts and feelings it tries to establish consequence from human life experiences.As the charge of our topic is to check out the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of adolescents and young adults towards HIV/AIDS and its prevention, a qualitative attack volition allow the participants to express their feelings and experiences very (Punch 1998).